Helmut Lipfert a jeho Válečný denník

[Ringhofer]

Helmut Lipfert se narodil 6. Srpna 1911 v Lippelsdorfu. Svou vojenskou karieru začal u 1. Pancéřové divize Wermachtu. Rozhodl se však státi stíhačem. Výcvik prodělal v roce 1942 jako nejstarší pilot ve své třídě a na frontu se dostal v prosinci téhož roku. Byl přidělen k JG 52 s níž se účastnil leteckých bojů v oblasti Kubáně a Krymu. Svého prvního sestřelu dosáhl 30. 1. 1943 na své osmnácté bojové misi. Jeho obětí se stal LaGG-5.Do konce roku měl již na svém kontě na 80 sestřelů a své první stovky dosáhl v dubnu 1944. Po ztrátě Krymu se mu podařilo za dramatických okolností dostat do Rumunska kde pokračoval ve své úspěšné bojové kariéře a kde se také mimo jiné setkal i se spojeneckými bombardovacími svazy. Jeho oběťmi se 11.6. 1944 stala B-17, ke které přidal 24. 6. ještě jednoho Liberatora. Po ztrátě Rumunska se jeho eskadra přesunula do Maďarska, kde i přes problémy, které Luftwaffe v té době měla stále bojoval a sestřeloval. 15. Února 1945 se Lipfert stal velitelem skupiny I./JG 53. Svých posledních vítězství dosáhl v době, kdy byla jeho skupina převelena do Brna a oficiálně rozpuštěna, ale létalo se dál, dokud bylo palivo a nějaké letuschopné stroje. Poslední obětí se stal Jak-9 a bylo to 16.dubna 1945. Od začátku své letecké kariery do posledních dnů létal se strojem Bf 109. Po skončení války se Lipfert vzdal Britům a měl štěstí, že nebyl předán Rusům ,jako jiní stíhači operující na východní frontě. Po skončení války se již k letectvu nevrátil a pracoval jako učitel. Zemřel 10. 8. 1990. Za svou bojovou karieru získal dosáhl celkem 203 sestřelů(z nichž 36 bylo Šturmoviků) a stal se tak 15. Nejúspěšnějším stíhačem Luftwaffe. Byl oceněn Rytířským křížem, ke kterému přibyly 117. 4. 1945 i dubové ratolesti.

O své letecké kariéře vydal spolu s Wernerem Girbigem knihu s jednoduchým názvem Válečný denník Helmuta Lipferta. Kniha je mozaikou jeho leteckých příhod a jako celek je velmi čtivá a zajímavá. Čtenář si z ní může udělat celkem jasnou představu o tom, jak vypadal život tehdejšího německého stíhače, počínaje barvitým líčením vzdušných soubojů, přes veselé pitky k zázemí až po zoufalství nad ztrátou kamarádů. Jeho letecká kariéra byla krom sestřelů vyplněna i množstvím nehod a dramatických situací, ze kterých ovšem vždy vyvázl bez vážnějšího zranění a s velkou dávkou štěstí. Hned při jeho letu na frontu ho málem sundal „spřátelený“ rumunský flak, při jednom z prvních bojových letů kvůli technické závadě málem uhořel a tak tak nouzově přistál na své straně fronty pár metrů od nepřátelských linií. Jindy se mu zase podařilo při nouzáku zkončit v obytném stavení, i to však přežil, když ho náraz vymrštil ven. Tohle číslo si pak ještě jednou zopakoval, když se svým strojem narazil do zaparkovaného Bf 110. Zajímavý byl i jeho pokus o nouzové přistání na korunách stromů, který si však v poslední chvíli rozmyslel a dosedl raději na blízkou mítinku. Když ho pak letěl vyzvednout kurýrní Storch, přistání na tom samém místě nezvládl a havaroval také . Po té raději Lipfert na rychlý přesun domů rezignoval a nechal se domů odvézt autem. O tom, v jak překotném tempu museli Němci ustupovat svědčí zas to, když popisuje, jak několikrát startoval z letiště, na které už dopadaly granáty ruských tanků. Samostatnou kapitolou je pak již zmiňovaný útěk z Krymu do Rumunska. Lipfertův stroj se pro tento účel již nepodařilo opravit a tak musel strávit nebezpečný let přes moře doslova nasoukán v trupu stodevítky, kterou pilotoval nějaký nováček, který měl ale o dost větší postavu, než on sám a proto si své role nemohli vyměnit. Lipfert absolvoval celý let v podstatě v leže s hlavou na rameni onoho pilota, kterému tak dosti komplikoval výhled a vůbec veškerý pohyb v už tak dost těsné kabině stodevítky. Od těchto dramatických zážitků se potřebovali piloti odreagovat a to nejlépe tak, že si obstarali notnou dávku alkoholu. Ještě v Rusku se jeho skupině podařilo zrekvírovat na 700 lahví sektu, když došel, pokoušeli se dle rad jednoho Rusa pálit i samohonku, ale po problémech se zrakem, které se u některých pilotů vyskytly, od toho raději upustili. Jindy si zase piloti nechali ze zázemí přivést na pumovém závěsníku stodevítky velký sud piva. Při přistání byl náklad jen pár centimetrů nad zemí a všichni na letišti doslova trnuli hrůzou, zda-li se přistávací manévr podaří a cenný náklad vyvázne bez úhony. Vše ale nakonec skončilo šťastně. I když to bylo zakázané, Lipfert přiznává, že pod vlivem i létali a užívali si při tom pocitů nezranitelnosti a euforie, jejich střelecké schopnosti však v tomto stavu silně upadaly. I jeden takový let se Lipfertovi málem stal osudným.
O Lipfertově střeleckém umění snad nejlépe vypovídá jeho celkové skóre, ovšem, až neskutečně často se mu stávalo , že v nejdůležitější okamžik jeho zbraně vysadily. Pronásledovalo ho to jako prokletí. Mnohokrát šel do souboje pouze s jediným funkčním kulometem, ale i tak dokázal být úspěšný.


Všem , kteří se o letecké boje zajímají bych závěrem tuto knihu doporučil. Je to opravdu velmi zajímavé i napínavé čtení.


Příloha: Tabulka Libfertových sestřelů


1.
30.1.1943
12:47
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Malaya-Balabinka

2.
25.2.1943
14:58
Il-2
II./JG52
Fedorovskaya

3.
28.2.1943
13:15
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Novorossisk

4.
7.3.1943
8:20
R-5
II./JG52
Popovichevskaya

5.
7.3.1943
8:23
R-5
II./JG52
Ivanovskaya

6.
14.3.1943
6:56
Il-2
II./JG52
Novorossisk

7.
30.3.1943
6:25
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Slavyanskaya

8.
30.3.1943
15:15
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Anastasyevskaya

9.
20.4.1943
6:30
MiG-1
II./JG52
Abinskaya

10.
25.6.1943
16:13
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Anastasyevskaya

11.
25.6.1943
16:23
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Deschi

12.
16.7.1943
5:45
Yak-1
II./JG52
Krimskaya

13.
19.7.1943
13:55
Yak-1
II./JG52
Bakanskaya

14.
21.7.1943
9:37
Yak-1
II./JG52
Anastasyevskaya

15.
21.7.1943
16:43
Yak-1
II./JG52
Ustrikh

16.
23.7.1943
5:54
Airacobra
II./JG52
Kievskoye

17.
23.7.1943
17:33
Il-2
II./JG52
Krimskaya

18.
3.9.1943
10:41
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Kolontayev

19.
4.9.1943
17:17
Il-2
II./JG52
Yurevka

20.
5.9.1943
11:30
Yak-1
II./JG52
Taranovka

21.
21.9.1943
7:16
Yak-1
II./JG52
Koselets

22.
24.9.1943
13:55
P-40
II./JG52
Yerkovtsik

23.
24.9.1943
16:40
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Yerkovtsik

24.
25.9.1943
17:35
Il-2
II./JG52
Pereyaslav

25.
28.9.1943
17:35
R-5
II./JG52
Pereyaslav

26.
1.10.1943
16:13
Yak-9
II./JG52
Barbasta

27.
7.10.1943
6:57
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Annovka

28.
7.10.1943
11:07
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Orlik

29.
7.10.1943
11:28
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Orlik

30.
8.10.1943
7:05
Il-2
II./JG52
Akhtanisovskaya

31.
8.10.1943
8:23
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Ilich

32.
8.10.1943
8:35
Yak-1
II./JG52
Fischerei

33.
8.10.1943
15:33
Yak-9
II./JG52
Taman

34.
8.10.1943
15:42
Yak-9
II./JG52
Akhtanisovskaya

35.
10.10.1943
13:05
Yak-1
II./JG52
Mishorin-Rog

36.
10.10.1943
13:15
Yak-1
II./JG52
Borodayevka

37.
20.10.1943
7:30
Yak-1
II./JG52
Popelnastoye

38.
21.10.1943
5:55
Yak-1
II./JG52
Pyatikhatki

39.
21.10.1943
6:08
Yak-1
II./JG52
Verkhnednyeprovsk

40.
21.10.1943
12:30
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Pyatikhatki

41.
26.10.1943
7:15
Yak-1
II./JG52
State Farm

42.
26.10.1943
7:17
Yak-1
II./JG52
Melitopol

43.
29.10.1943
7:00
Yak-1
II./JG52
Agaiman

44.
2.11.1943
9:25
Yak-1
II./JG52
Chaplinka

45.
5.11.1943
10:20
Yak-1
II./JG52
Kerch

46.
6.11.1946
11:55
Yak-7
II./JG52
Eltigen

47.
11.11.1943
13:45
Il-2
II./JG52
Katerles

48.
11.11.1943
13:50
Yak-1
II./JG52
Bagerovo

49.
12.11.1943
8:51
Yak-1
II./JG52
Kerch

50.
12.11.1943
10:47
Il-2
II./JG52
Basky

51.
13.11.1943
5:43
Yak-1
II./JG52
Bulganak

52.
13.11.1943
5:47
Yak-1
II./JG52
Mayak

53.
14.11.1943
9:15
Yak-1
II./JG52
Eltigen

54.
14.11.1943
13:50
Il-2
II./JG52
Katerles

55.
15.11.1943
6:15
Yak-9
II./JG52
Kolonka

56.
19.11.1943
6:30
Yak-1
II./JG52
Taman

57.
20.11.1943
6:40
Yak-9
II./JG52
Ilich

58.
21.11.1943
7:00
Il-2
II./JG52
Eltigen

59.
21.11.1943
7:05
Yak-1
II./JG52
Taman

60.
27.11.1943
9:48
Airacobra
II./JG52
Gromovka

61.
27.11.1943
14:40
Yak-9
II./JG52
Eltigen

62.
29.11.1943
14:21
Yak-1
II./JG52
Eltigen

63.
30.11.1943
6:10
Yak-1
II./JG52
Kay Takyl

64.
30.11.1943
13:45
Yak-1
II./JG52
Eltigen

65.
1.12.1943
11:47
Yak-1
II./JG52
Taman

66.
2.12.1943
6:39
Yak-1
II./JG52
Kay Takyl

67.
2.12.1943
6:48
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Feodosia

68.
2.12.1943
6:55
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Kay Takyl

69.
5.12.1943
7:25
Yak-7
II./JG52
Kossa Tusla

70.
5.12.1943
7:32
Yak-1
II./JG52
Taman

71.
5.12.1943
10:23
Airacobra
II./JG52
Kossa Tusla

72.
5.12.1943
13:55
Il-2
II./JG52
Kossa Tusla

73.
9.12.1943
7:58
Il-2
II./JG52
Katerles

74.
9.12.1943
11:15
Yak-1
II./JG52
Taman

75.
11.12.1943
11:37
Yak-7
II./JG52
Mayak

76.
17.12.1943
6:43
Pe-2
II./JG52
Starotitarovskaya

77.
27.12.1943
12:08
Airacobra
II./JG52
Mayak

78.
28.12.1943
7:16
R-5
II./JG52
Mayak

79.
29.12.1941
7:12
Yak-1
II./JG52
Melikut

80.
29.12.1943
10:05
Boston
II./JG52
Mayak

81.
11.1.1944
11:27
Airacobra
II./JG52
Kay Tarchan

82.
17.1.1944
6:46
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Bulganek

83.
21.1.1944
11:53
Il-2
II./JG52
Churubech

84.
23.1.1944
7:08
Yak-7
II./JG52
Kerch

85.
23.1.1944
12:08
Yak-7
II./JG52
Kerch

86.
24.1.1944
6:30
Airacobra
II./JG52
Kerch

87.
25.1.1944
12:27
Yak-1
II./JG52
Bulganek

88.
25.1.1944
12:40
Boston
II./JG52
Kossa Tusla

89.
1.4.1944
9:25
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Feodosia

90.
1.4.1944
9:33
LaGG-3
II./JG52
Feodosia

91.
7.4.1944
7:19
Yak-7
II./JG52
Taganah

92.
7.4.1944
7:27
Yak-7
II./JG52
Chumak

93.
8.4.1944
14:22
Il-2
II./JG52
Chigari

94.
8.4.1944
14:32
R-5
II./JG52
Ivanovka

95.
9.4.1944
14:40
Yak-7
II./JG52
Tomashevka

96.
9.4.1944
15:58
Pe-2
II./JG52
Grammattikovo

97.
10.4.1944
8:16
Yak-7
II./JG52
Tomashevka

98.
10.4.1944
12:22
Il-2
II./JG52
Megazinka

99.
11.4.1944
7:02
Yak-7
II./JG52
Dzhenkoi

100.
11.4.1944
9:25
Il-2
II./JG52
Dzhenkoi

101.
15.4.1944
10:47
Il-2
II./JG52
Sevastopol

102.
17.4.1944
15:49
Yak-7
II./JG52
Duvankoi

103.
19.4.1944
14:21
P-40
II./JG52
Sevastopol

104.
19.4.1944
17:05
Il-2
II./JG52
Sevastopol

105.
22.4.1944
9:40
Boston
II./JG52
Sevastopol

106.
27.4.1944
10:50
Yak-7
II./JG52
Kodikovka

107.
3.5.1944
18:35
Yak-7
II./JG52
Belobek

108.
4.5.1944
6:44
Yak-7
II./JG52
Soki

109.
4.5.1944
9:10
Yak-7
II./JG52
Belobek

110.
5.5.1944
10:38
Yak-7
II./JG52
Balaklava

111.
5.5.1944
10:50
Yak-7
II./JG52
Laspi Bay

112.
5.5.1944
14:05
Il-2
II./JG52
Belobek

113.
6.5.1944
7:30
Yak-1
II./JG52
Belobek

114.
6.5.1944
7:40
U-2
II./JG52
Belobek

115.
7.5.1944
9:40
Yak-1
II./JG52
Balaklava

116.
7.5.1944
9:45
Yak-1
II./JG52
Sevastopol

117.
7.5.1944
9:49
Yak-1
II./JG52
Sevastopol

118.
30.5.1944
16:01
Yak-1
II./JG52
Jassy

119.
30.5.1944
16:04
Yak-1
II./JG52
Jassy

120.
31.5.1944
8:04
Pe-2
II./JG52
Busila

121.
31.5.1944
14:32
Il-2
II./JG52
Jassy

122.
4.6.1944
18:56
Yak-1
II./JG52
Sulani

123.
5.6.1944
7:58
Airacobra
II./JG52
Zahorna

124.
5.6.1944
8:01
Yak-7
II./JG52
Zahorna

125.
5.6.1944
11:35
Yak-7
II./JG52
Carpiti

126.
5.6.1944
11:45
Boston
II./JG52
Romanesti

127.
11.6.1944
9:45
B-17
II./JG52
Tateroi

128.
24.6.1944
9:42
B-24
II./JG52
Stefanesti

129.
27.6.1944
10:34
Il-2
II./JG52
Jassy

130.
14.7.1944
7:55
Airacobra
II./JG52
Sezurowica

131.
15.7.1944
15:20
Yak-7
II./JG52
Horochow

132.
16.7.1944
13:23
Il-2
II./JG52
Plowa

133.
16.7.1944
13:27
Yak-7
II./JG52
Stojanow

134.
18.7.1944
15:12
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Zwezernesce

135.
18.7.1944
18:12
Yak-7
II./JG52
Turze

136.
19.7.1944
16:40
Airacobra
II./JG52
Luboml

137.
19.7.1944
16:41
Airacobra
II./JG52
Luboml

138.
19.7.1944
16:45
Il-2
II./JG52
Luboml

139.
20.7.1944
11:10
Yak-9
II./JG52
Luboml

140.
21.7.1944
6:25
Yak-7
II./JG52
Busk

141.
24.7.1944
18:41
Yak-9
II./JG52
Tuszna

142.
14.8.1944
17:14
Airacobra
II./JG52
Sobotka

143.
16.8.1944
16:35
Yak-1
II./JG52
Opatow

144.
23.8.1944
17:25
Yak-9
II./JG52
Geidar

145.
31.8.1944
10:20
P-51 Mustang
II./JG52
Löwes

146.
17.10.1944
10:38
Yak-11
II./JG52
Hosszu-Palyj

147.
21.10.1944
10:52
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Öcföd

148.
23.10.1944
15:31
Il-2
II./JG52
Solnok

149.
23.10.1944
15:32
Il-2
II./JG52
Solnok

150.
24.10.1944
9:22
Yak-7
II./JG52
Feherto

151.
27.10.1944
12:17
Il-2
II./JG52
Büd Sz. Mihaly

152.
27.10.1944
12:21
Yak-7
II./JG52
Büd Sz. Mihaly

153.
13.11.1944
12:45
Yak-9
II./JG52
Jaszbereny

154.
16.11.1944
12:39
Yak-11
II./JG52
Tura

155.
17.11.1944
11:05
Il-2
II./JG52
Jaszbereny

156.
17.11.1944
11:10
Il-2
II./JG52
Jaszbereny

157.
17.11.1944
13:20
Yak-7
II./JG52
Hort

158.
23.11.1944
10:40
Yak-9
II./JG52
Atkar

159.
5.12.1944
10:30
Yak-9
II./JG52
Hatran

160.
9.12.1944
15:05
Il-2
II./JG52
Csajag

161.
11.12.1944
14:53
Pe-2
II./JG52
Balatonkenese

162.
22.12.1944
9:37
Il-2
II./JG52
Stuhlweissenburg

163.
23.12.1944
10:48
Yak-9
II./JG52
Enying

164.
24.12.1944
14:25
Il-2
II./JG52
Seregelyes

165.
25.12.1944
12:08
Yak-9
II./JG52
Stuhlweissenburg

166.
25.12.1944
12:15
Yak-9
II./JG52
Mor

167.
2.1.1945
11:15
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Bodmer

168.
2.1.1945
11:45
Yak-9
II./JG52
Vereb

169.
4.1.1945
8:26
Il-2
II./JG52
Tarjan

170.
4.1.1945
8:28
Il-2
II./JG52
Tarjan

171.
4.1.1945
10:41
Yak-9
II./JG52
Bieske

172.
4.1.1945
11:12
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Tardos

173.
8.1.1945
14:13
Boston
II./JG52
Stuhlweissenburg

174.
8.1.1945
14:18
Boston
II./JG52
Stuhlweissenburg

175.
14.1.1945
12:11
Yak-3
II./JG52
Muzsla

176.
14.1.1945
14:36
Yak-3
II./JG52
Muzsla

177.
16.1.1945
12:17
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Budaörs

178.
22.1.1945
13:24
LaGG-5
II./JG52
Stuhlweissenburg

179.
27.1.1945
14:45
Il-2
II./JG52
Adorzy

180.
22.2.1945
14:00
LaGG-5
I./JG53
Bart

181.
22.2.1945
16:25
Yak-3
I./JG53
Bina

182.
25.2.1945
10:53
Yak-9
I./JG53
Altsohl

183.
8.3.1945
14:10
Il-2
I./JG53
Sapolce

184.
11.3.1945
10:35
Yak-3
I./JG53
Suborgarol

185.
11.3.1945
14:05
Yak-3
I./JG53
Siofok

186.
13.3.1945
10:13
Yak-7
I./JG53
Pakozol

187.
14.3.1945
12:07
LaGG-5
I./JG53
Stuhlweissenburg

188.
14.3.1945
12:11
Il-2
I./JG53
Pakozol

189.
17.3.1945
16:15
Il-2
I./JG53
Lake Velencze

190.
20.3.1945
15:33
Il-2
I./JG53
Stuhlweissenburg

191.
20.3.1945
15:41
Il-2
I./JG53
Varpalota

192.
21.3.1945
11:58
La-5
I./JG53
E Lake Balaton

193.
21.3.1945
15:30
Yak-5
I./JG53
Felstgalla

194.
27.3.1945
14:15
Yak-9
I./JG53
Neutra

195.
27.3.1945
14:18
Il-2
I./JG53
Neutra

196.
27.3.1945
16:55
Yak-9
I./JG53
Neutra

197.
28.3.1945
17:12
Yak-3
I./JG53
Neutra

198.
1.4.1945
16:05
La-7
I./JG53
Diozeg

199.
5.4.1945
9:45
La-7
I./JG53
Gairing

200.
8.4.1945
15:54
La-7
I./JG53
Hainburg

201.
9.4.1945
17:20
La-7
I./JG53
Lundenburg

202.
14.4.1945
15:00
Yak-9
I./JG53
Stokerau

203.
16.4.1945
11:20
Yak-9
I./JG53
Göding


Helmut Lipfert


Hptm.Lipfert(uprostřed) spolus Lt. Ewaldem a Lt. Dütmannem na fotografii pořízené v Rakousku 20. 4. 1945.

[Radola Gajda]

Znamý sportovec,nutil k tomu celou eskadru:-)

[YAMATO]

"Někde" (však asi víte kde ) se rozebírala "teorie", že bodovací systém Němců byl podobný bulharskému, že se počítali nikoli sestřelené letouny, ale motory, tj. že dvoumotorák = 2 sestřely, čtyřmotorák = 4 sastřely a že takto lze vysvětlit obrovské množství sestřelů mnohých německých es. Asi nesmysl, ne? připadá mi to, že se s tím "někteří" prostě nemůžou zaboha smířit. Určitě sem tam nějaký ten sestřel může habrovat, zvlášť ke konci války, ale "oni" by chtěli snížení o desítky %!

[Radola Gajda]

Nevím přesně,ale nebyl tento systém používán až někdy od roku 1943?!

[YAMATO]

Já právě nevím, zda ho Němci vůbec používali...aspoň jsem o tom nikdy nikde nic neviděl. Ovšem já nejsem akademik se superzdroji všakvíteodkud

[Ringhofer]

Gajda: Jo sportovec to byl. Dokonce jsou z těchto činností i fotky, ale na Google jsem je nenašel, tak bohužel. V knížce je popsáno mj. i to, že ke konci války jakýsi generál, jméno už mi vypadlo, milé piloty seřval, že moc chlastaj a jejich fyzická kondice upadá. Lipfert na to konto uspořádal sportovní den, na který generála pozval. Nekonal se celý, protože uprostřed programu se museli zbalit a ustupovat, nicméně generál byl více, než spokojen. Ona ale fyzička v letadle nebyla k zahození. Na pilota působilo během letu plno sil a obvzláště v manévrovém boji docházelo i k tomu, že jeden pilot druhého jednoduše utahal. ohledně sestřelů, pletou se tu dvě věci dohromady.

Sestřely samotné se počítaly na kusy, nikoliv na body. Sestřel musel být doložen svědectvím, buď někoho z dalších pilotů(nejčastěji to byl druhý z rotte), nebo někoho z pozemního personálu (pozemní hlásky atd...). Sestřelené letadlo při tom muselo dopadnout na zem. Piloti proto ihned své sestřely hlásili do rádia nejen z radosti z úspěchu, ale i proto, aby si setřelu někdo další všimnul. Lipfert popisoval, že v případě, že donutil stroj nouzově přistát, musel ho ještě po té na zemi zapálit, aby mu byl sestřel uznán. Mám tabulky německých(pěkně obsáhlý seznam) sestřelů na východní i západní frontě. u každého sestřelu je uvedeno podobně, jako zde místo, datum a čas, typ sestřeleného , výšku souboje, ale také číslo filmu z fotokulometu, který Němci standartně používali a na kterých byl souboj zaznamenán. V případě pochybností, byl tento film vyvolán a použit jako důkaz. Bohužel do dnešních dnů se mnoho těchto záběrů nedochovalo.

Bodový systém u Němců také ovšem existoval. Týkal se určení hranice pro udělení Rytířského kříže, mečů , dubových ratolestí atd. jejich hlavním smyslem bylo sladit určité disproporce ohledně výsledků na východní a západní frontě a vytvořit nějaká objektivnější a rovnocenná kriteria pro získání těchto vyznamenání.

Tak že dotiční "akademici" si tak nějak asi popletli jablka s hruškami. V Lipfertově seznamu jsou mimochodem uvedeny i ta B-17 a B-24 a obě jsou hodnoceny jako jeden sestřel, nikoliv čtyři....

[YAMATO]

Díky, Ringo!

[ivan_kovar]

"Někde" (však asi víte kde ) se rozebírala "teorie", že bodovací systém Němců byl podobný bulharskému, že se počítali nikoli sestřelené letouny, ale motory, tj. že dvoumotorák = 2 sestřely, čtyřmotorák = 4 sastřely a že takto lze vysvětlit obrovské množství sestřelů mnohých německých es. Asi nesmysl, ne? připadá mi to, že se s tím "někteří" prostě nemůžou zaboha smířit. Určitě sem tam nějaký ten sestřel může habrovat, zvlášť ke konci války, ale "oni" by chtěli snížení o desítky %!

to sem fakt nevědel. a mně vrtalo hlavou proč mají němci takové vysoké skore :-D

[Fatale]

LUFTWAFFE EXPERTEN, Fact or Fiction?

By Jeff Kenneday

Updated version: 12/6/04

All throughout conflict, the claims of damage caused to the enemy has been far in excess of the actual damage incurred. Partly to keep morale high, but often in the honest opinion that the damage had been inflicted upon the enemy.

This discrepancy has been highlighted in the 20th Century where the claims made by U-Boat & Submarine Commanders, Pilots and Air Gunners became of great importance to the various propaganda units and the inflated claims passed on to history.

Ludovic Kennedy, in his book "Pursuit" which covers the chase for the Bismark and its destruction refers to the attack by Admiral Vian & his Destroyers;(I have paraphrased this) "Claims were submitted by the Destroyers for 3, possibly 4 hits on Bismark. However no hits were made, equally Bismark claimed to have sunk a Destroyer and damage caused to others. All claims were made in good faith, the crews after hours at action stations EXPECTED to make hits, and they saw what they assumed they would see, so any unusual explosions were assumed to have been hits and were claimed as such." Similarly for the Fighter Pilots, I have fired at the enemy; I believe I had hit him, that 'plane going down in smoke must be mine.

After WW2, the claims by USN Submarine commanders were officially reviewed and a substantial number of claimed sinkings disallowed, and in a few cases, increased. The claims made by RAF & USAAF fighter pilots were discounted (and often ridiculed) after access was allowed into the records of the Luftwaffe and Japanese Air Forces.

However, despite the awarded victories soaring above 350, the victory claims of Luftwaffe pilots were considered above reproach, that the Luftwaffe had a system that was meticulous and carefully researched and checked.

The Decoration system of the Luftwaffe was also closely tied to the Victories awarded, Aircraft types had points allocated to them and a certain number of points resulted in the award being posted. Added to this, was the Political situation which could have easily been used to "coerce" other pilots to confirm claims. Some Pilots, Marseille for one, seemed to have their claims confirmed much faster than the system implies, and whose careers were closely monitored by the Armed Services Press.

Recently however, the information has surfaced which allows us to compare the "kills" awarded to Luftwaffe Pilots against the losses incurred by the RAF on a day by day basis. Startling discrepancies appear between those numbers which were awarded as kills and the actual losses suffered by the RAF.

The period up to the end of the Battle of Britain, November 1 1940 provides a capsule in time where claims and losses can be compared and where a good base of data appears. Specific USAAF 8th Air Force & Bomber Command Raids can also be compared, though while Allied information shows the total losses, they often do not distinguish Flak, & "Other" losses from those where the Aircraft was Shot Down. It is therefore not unlikely that Allied losses can be greater than the claims made for their destruction.

In this article I will try to compare come of these Days, comparing the claims approved by the OKL Administration which tally up to the claims made by the Luftwaffe experten, you can see each of the Victories awarded to Galland, Marseille, Steinhof, Munchenberg etc, against the losses suffered by the RAF. Some days, usually when the numbers involved were highest, the discrepancies where high. On the quieter days the numbers were closer.

I do not attempt to denigrate the efforts and skills of the Luftwaffe Experten; they fought a much harder war than the RAF and their chances to accumulate Victories much higher. Neville Duke, one of the high scoring RAF pilots with 28 "kills" entered the action in April 1941, was sent on 2, 6 month rest periods and left combat about 6 months before wars end, therefore being in action for about 36 months flying about 490 sorties, added to this was the rarity in which Luftwaffe aircraft were sighted after late 1943. The Luftwaffe wore their Pilots into the ground, though the number of Allied Aircraft in the skies made finding their foe much easier. Hartmann did not get posted to JG52 until August 1942, was consistantly flying up to 4 missions each day flying over 1400 missions through some of the worst flying weather on earth. I am unable to compare any figures for the war in the East, I am unsure that even the Red Air Force knew the actual size of their losses, and leave this field for someone else to investigate.

18 DECEMBER 1939 HELIGOLAND BIGHT

On 18 December 1939, the RAF decided to mount a raid on the German fleet at Wilhelm shaven and orders were drafted for 24 Wellington Medium bombers to carry out the raid. 9 aircraft from 149 Squadron, 9 from 9 Squadron and 6 from 37 Squadron were selected to "Attack enemy warships in the Schillig Roads or Wilhelmshaven. Great care is to be taken to ensure that no bombs fall on shore"

While 24 Wellington's took off, 2 from 149 Sqn returned to base early leaving 22 to carry on. The bombers managed to successfully fly over the German Fleet, but their Orders about bombing German soil caused the abortion of the raid as the leader decided the ships, tied up in Port where too close to shore to be bombed. It was only after they turned for home did the German Fighters attack.

The ensuing massacre saw thew shooting down of 10 Wellingtons, nearly 50% of the attacking force, however the Fighters claimed to have destroyed 34 Victories, over 150% of the attackers though OKL pruned this down to 26, still more than the force started with.

What happened to the excellent Luftwaffe system which has been held above reproach, and stand as the solid base for the amazing claims by its pilots?

In a frantic, swirling battle, it wasn't hard to ASSUME your shots had caused the fatal damage, especially to a Bomber which took a good amount of damage to destroy. You make your run, score solid hits, flash past at 300mph+, when you turn you see a 'plane fall out of the sky, It MUST be yours, and your wingman confirms it as he sees the same thing.

An excuse can be made that the action was over the sea, and destroyed aircraft could not be investigated.


JULY 1940-OCTOBER 1940 THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN.

The Battle of France was a wild melee, Allied Units continually falling back and the advancing Germans meant that both sides could be excused for poor paperwork.

After the collapse of France , the Luftwaffe turned to England and after some sparring over Convoys, on 10 July began what is known as The Battle of Britain.

Through out the Battle, which continued to 31 October 1940, the Luftwaffe Propaganda machine claimed to have destroyed over 3000 RAF aircraft, clearly exceeding the size of the RAF at the time. OKL officially credited its Pilots with the destruction of about 1955 Spitfires & Hurricanes (I have deducted Defiants, Blenheims and other aircraft) which compares unfavourably with the RAF losses of either 932 ("The Narrow Margin" by Wood & Dempster) or 755 Spitfires & Hurricanes (Fighter Command Losses & Casualties by Frank) Included in the RAF losses are those which were shot down by Bombers, and not included in the OKL figures but not those which "crash landed at an airfield" and were repaired. It is hard to pick out those shot down by the Bombers as many final moments are not clear and they are only listed as shot down.

In this period, the reputation of many Luftwaffe experten were built upon, but it appears that their tallies must be inflated. Marseille, The Star of Africa, was awarded his first kill on 8 September for a Spitfire, on the same day 4 other Spitfires were claimed though the RAF only lost 1, was Marseille mistaken and he destroyed a Hurricane, OKL awarded 8 Hurricane kills but Frank's details only 4 as being shot down!! Marseille went on to claim 6 other victories over the Channel, none of which are detailed in any official records but go to make up his tally of 158 "kills".

Other days with "interesting" results
Date OKL Awards Narrow Margin/Franks
10 July 27 5/1
11 July 2 4/7
29 July 18 3/3
8 August 38 19/15
11 August 55 32/26
15 August 87 34/30
18 August 86 27/29
31 August 97 37/39
6 September 58 23/20
7 September 72 28/23
15 September 69 26/27
27 September 79 28/24
30 September 54 20/14

By the end of the Battle RAF losses were only 47.67% of OKL awards according to The Narrow Margin or 38.62% according to Franks. (Some of this difference are the Defiants, Blenheims etc. which I didn't tally in the Franks figures.)

Added to these figures are the accuracy of aircraft types (a problem throughout the war to all sides) OKL awarded 712 Hurricane kills and 1243 Spitfire kills , Franks tallies to 470 Hurricanes and only 285 Spitfires. This would probably be attributed to the "desire" to shoot down the better aircraft. Claims were also awarded for some odd types, a continual reference to Hawks or Hawk-75's, a Radial engined aircraft totally different to any RAF fighter, some Morane's, a Bloch MB 151, and a Bregeut Bre693(more possible as this was close to the fall of France)

PART II

8th Air Force raids on Schweinfurt in 1943 are interesting, as are the victories awarded over Dieppe in August 1942

In 1943, the USAAF flew 2 raids on the German Ball Bearing plants at Schweinfurt, on 17 August, 376 B-17 Flying Fortress's were involved, USAAF losses were about 60 B-17's plus many which were scrapped upon landing. This was a loss rate of around 16%.
However, OKL awarded 94 B-17 and 4 P-47 Victories. Given the ability of the Luftwaffe to investigate the damage on the ground, how do they explain a 50% over claim.

On 14 October, a second raid was mounted, this was an even greater disaster in that of the 291 Bombers sent out, another 60 were destroyed in Combat, nearly 20% losses. But OKL was to excel and awarded 146 B-17 Kills, half of the attacking force, and once again it was within their ability to examine wreckage.

Both raids were intercepted outside Allied fighter cover, so the Luftwaffe Interceptors could operate without continual harassment, so how did they manage to have approved about 250 Kills as against actual losses of 120

THE WESTERN DESERT

An excellent work, Desert Warriors by Russell Brown covers the Desert Air Force Tomahawk & Kittyhawk Squadrons.
The Foreword is by Bobby Gibbes, a high scoring Australian pilot of the North African theatre.
"It was not possible for a Desert Pilot to have a victory confirmed without a witness. Our aircraft were not equipped with camera-guns, so we had no photographic record of combats fought. It was so difficult to get confirmation that on 1 occasion I did not bother to submit a sortie report even though I confirmed it myself afterwards when driving from the airfield at Bir Durfan to the area. I found the wreckage of the bf109 with the body of the dead pilot still inside…..

After the war I became a friend of Erhard Braune, ex commander of III/JG27. In a discussion with him on tactics etc, I asked why the claims of some Luftwaffe pilots appeared unrealistic as they DIDN'T ADD UP TO OUR KNOWN LOSSES.
He told me that these high claims 'HELPED THE MORALE OF THE GERMAN PEOPLES.

Some Cases:
15 September 1942
JG27 escorting Stukas intercept the attacking fighters and are awarded 19 Victories. 11 by I Gruppe, 1 by II Gruppe, 7 by III Gruppe
However, the P-40's intercepting this Stuka raid were put up by 239 Wing, 36 Kittyhawks from 250 Sqn , 3 RAAF, 450 RAAF, 112 Sqns . Only SIX Kittyhawks failed to return, one which was claimed to be shot down by friendly AA Fire. (2 losses from 250 Sqn, 2 from 3 Sqn, 1 each from 450 & 112 Sqns)

12 Oct 1941
Allied losses, 2 P-40's were shot down, 1 crashed on landing, 1 crashed inside Allied lines.
4 kills were awarded, 2 to Marseille, 1 to Sinner & Franzikest

30 Oct 1941
Allied losses of 2 P-40's and 1 damaged
4 kills awarded, 3 to Schulz, 1 to Schacht

22 May 1942
1 P-40 shot down, 1 missing and 1 crash landed at base.
5 kills awarded.

1 June 1942
1 P-40 shot down, 1 damaged
3 P-40's claimed, 1 Hurricane claimed despite not being present.


3 September 1942
2 P-40's shot down, 1 crash landed at base.
6 kills awarded, 3 to Marseille & 3 to Stahlschmidt (including a Spitfire, not present)

5 September 1942
2 Spitfires shot down, 1 P-40 shot down and 1 damaged
9 Kills awarded, 4 (All P-40) to Marseille, 2 to Stahlschmidt and 3 to Rodel

15 September 1942
5 P-40 shot down and 1 shot down by own LAA
7 kills for Marseille, 4 to Krainek, 3 to Schroer (incl Spitfire)2 for von Lieres and singles to Homuth, Bornger, Grube & Stuckler.


Russell Brown also states,

The inability of the German Fighter force to support its ground forces effectively, contrasted sharply with the evolution of the RAF's tactics and operational procedures as the Desert War progressed.
The tactical use of Medium Bombers, and the highly effective Kittyhawks which were able to offer direct support to the troops with their bombing and strafing was never matched by the Luftwaffe. The fact that many of the fighter pilots ran up big personal scores was irrelevant to the prosecution of the war and the undue emphasis placed on such achievements was an indication of the failure by German Commanders at all levels to understand the principles of Air Power.

(Of his "158 Victories, Marseille only claimed 3 Bombers, 1 Blenheim and 2 Marylands.)

DIEPPE 19 AUGUST 1942

One of the biggest air battles of the war, saw the RAF claim around 120 Kills against Luftwaffe losses of about 40

On the Luftwaffe side , claims awarded were 113, against Allied losses of about 100. This appears to be close until you look at the reason for the losses.
The RAF appears to have lost only 48 Aircraft in Air-Air Combat, with a further 14 Aircraft who failed to Return to Base (7 of these Mustang Ia on long range recce).
27 losses were said to be due to AA Fire.
Many Aircraft which did return to England were badly damaged and either destroyed on landing or faced lengthy rebuilds.
Th Luftwaffe claimed 105 Spitfires, but A-A losses were 34 Spitfire Vb, 2 Spitfire Vc, 2 Spitfire VI & 5 Spitfire IX, a total of 44.
(Not included in Luftwaffe claims was a Typhoon Ia of 266 Sqn shot down by a Spitfire!)
ps. It is possible that Allied losses should have added to them, 8 Spitfire V's of the USAAF which were lost on this day.

THE LONG OFFENSIVE FRANCE/ENGLAND & THE CHANNEL 1941

During 1941 the RAF began to turn the tide against the Luftwaffe, many raids were mounted over the French Ports and those Airfields within range of the RAF Fighters. These tactics saw a continual drain on RAF numbers, many experienced fighter pilots were lost for minimal return.

A small force of Luftwaffe fighters kept the RAF busy, scoring far more effectively than their opposite numbers. However the traditional Fighter Pilot quality of claiming victories continued.

Records show that the kills awarded to Luftwaffe pilots numbered nearly 1500. 850 of these for Spitfires, 100 for Hurricane, 161 Blenheim, 149 Wellington and 1 Lancaster??

However, RAF losses in air-air combat or "Failed to Return" by Fighter Command numbered about 505, Luftwaffe claims against similar models being 965. Of the 505 lost, 92 were Hurricane I or II and 412 Spitfire I, II or V.

Just as in the Battle of Britain, the days with few claims would bear reasonable resemblance, but many of the busier days saw excessive awarding of kills by a multiple of 3-4 times.
4/7/41 3 Lost, 11 Kills awarded.
7/7/41 2 lost, 11 awarded
23/7/41 10 lost, 37 awarded
12/8/41 7 lost, 23 awarded.

As well as these Air to air losses, the RAF suffered heavy losses to Flak and "other" operational causes. While heavy, the losses are bearable, the failure was in the inability to cause any substantial loss to the Luftwaffe or German Military installations.

Jsou to docela paradoxy, ze, eso Marseille sestreli 4xP40, jeho dvojka mu to dolozi a potvrdi, ale pritom RAF ten den ztrati 2xspit a 1xp40, pritom se o nem tvrdi, ze vzdy strilel z nejmensich vzdalenosti, to nebyl schopen rozeznat p40 od spitu? Jiny den RAF prijde o 5 letadel celkem, ale Marseilleho roj si narokuje dohromady rovnych 20 sestrelu, (7 Marseille)...
Jiny pilot na ruske fronte sestreli za jeden let 8 letadel, co na tom, ze VVS za cely den prisla v tom useku o 1xp39...
To se samozrejme netyka jenom nemcu, ale ted je rec o nich...

btw: nejak tam neni zminka, ze Lipfert ztratil vic svych dvojek, nez pomalu celej zbytek eskadry, skoro by se dalo rict, ze mu krapet chybelo takticky mysleni, do vseho sel po hlave, je ovsem docela zajimavy zjisteni, ze i pilot, ktery v podstate porad pouzival taktiku TnB mohl prezit na vychode valku knizka je to zajimava, ale trochu vybajena imho